Antibiotic.

Antibiotic sensitivity was going down.

This one is an antibiotic.

And your antibiotic goes smaller and clearer.

Keep taking this antibiotic until it is gone.

And in Chile, you still had antibiotic sensitivity.

Switch antibiotics so they switched to another antibiotic,

Now that's why, for instance, antibiotic resistance has evolved.

I sent her with some antibiotic for the father.

You've got a lot of pressure favoring antibiotic resistance, so you get increased virulence leading to the evolution of increased antibiotic resistance.

Brookmyre said it wasn't an antidote, just a strong antibiotic.

Even an antibiotic, probably to keep the bed sores from infecting.

The antibiotic resistance story has already been laid out in great detail.

But we've got a lot of variation in antibiotic sensitivity in Chile,

It's not a cure. Just a strong antibiotic to build up resistance.

I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic.

And once you get increased antibiotic resistance, the antibiotics aren't knocking out the harmful strains anymore.

They got the organism to evolve to mildness, and they got no development of antibiotic resistance.

Okay, try this one! I want you to take a syringe and some antibiotic for David.

and let me finish my sentence you are very likely to help select for antibiotic resistant bacteria.

I am going to be a little bit smarter and design myself to resist this antibiotic threat .

Some of these infections are actually carrying antibiotic resistance genes now, and that makes them even more difficult.

Did Chile avoid the problem of antibiotic resistance, whereas did Ecuador actually have the beginnings of the problem?

In this case, on the Y axis, we've just got a measure of antibiotic sensitivity and I won't go into that.

The worst possibility is that a very simple germ, like staph, for which we have one antibiotic that still works, mutates.

If you could cause an evolutionary decrease in virulence by cleaning up the water supply, you should be able to get an evolutionary decrease in antibiotic resistance.

So, the patient was treated then with a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic and doxycycline, and on day three, it didn't help she had progressed to acute failure.

Those bedsores become infected, and they give me an antibiotic which I end up being allergic to, and now my whole body breaks out, and now all of those become infected.

But there's another really interesting aspect of this, and this is that if you could control the evolution of virulence, evolution of harmfulness, then you should be able to control antibiotic resistance.

Now, if everyone just starts using antibiotics when they are not sick or when they don't really need to in a life or death situation, you might have an antibiotic that is really good at killing the green bacteria.

Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option, you're committed to antibiotic therapy whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment, even trips to the dentist require that you take antibiotics, in case you get an internal infection on the valve.

And we had a mix of dumb stuff on there making sure an antibiotic is given in the right time frame because that cuts the infection rate by half and then interesting stuff, because you can't make a recipe for something as complicated as surgery.

But just a reminder we have about 3.3 million kilograms that are used to treat disease in the human population an increasing amount of that disease, of course, coming from eating the contaminated meat products that are being raised under conditions that produce the antibiotic resistance.

So, hopefully, we will go from being the art of medicine more to the science of medicine, and be able to do what they do in infectious disease, which is look at that organism, that bacteria, and then say, This antibiotic makes sense, because you have a particular bacteria that will respond to it.

And there are these random changes that happen and this might be this one in a billion change, right? but all of a sudden if you start killing off all the people that it is competing with then this guy can start replicating really fast and then become the dominant bacteria and then all of a sudden that antibiotic that you had developed very carefully to destroy the green dudes is useless.