Here you've got the aortic valve.

You can see how the pulmonary and aortic valve are closed when the mitral and tricuspid valve are open.

You can see two of the leaflets of the aortic valve working there.

It has a funny tri lobal shape at the bottom, which contains the aortic valve.

Can I borrow a heart valve from you?

And then the final valve, I need to find a nice spot to write it maybe to right here, this final valve that passes through is called the Aortic valve.

This is actually a heart valve, which we engineered.

So when you have dub, you have noise coming from the pulmonic and the aortic valve snapping shut.

And the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy.

In the middle, you can see that little structure squeezing out, that's the left ventricle, pushing blood out through the aortic valve.

So this valve is called the Tricuspid valve.

We call that the aortic arch.

And it passed through the valve here. So this valve is called the Mitral valve.

Civil Horizontal Valve

This is actually a heart valve that we've engineered, and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve and we've seeded that with cells, and then we exercise it.

Just pull the valve!

Okay. Uh, valve release.

Turbine release valve, activated.

Turn of that valve.

One will be the tricuspid valve and the other the mitral valve.

This is the second chamber of the heart. And it gets there by passing through the valve.

But before it goes it has to passed another valve. So this is a valve right here. Call it Pulmonary valve.

We need a pressure valve.

That external aortic root, it will never work, you know.

The main valve is turned off.

It's the pressure reg valve again.

This valve is a sonic trigger.

Surface compression of valve sensors, Captain.

Main valve on, main switch on.

And this valve and all valves in the heart are basically there to keep blood moving in the right direction.

And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.

This is called a cycle valve tube.

Up here you have the pulmonary valve.

So I set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation.

But you also know that if that is what's making the noise, you can kind of guess, and it's a smart guess that at the same time the pulmonic and the aortic valve just opened.

And this is how you make a valve.

The starboard transfer valve has been opened manually.

Remove the valve and follow our instructions precisely.

Now look for the emergency valve release sequence.

So, the most beautiful thing I found at least what I think is the most beautiful in the book, is this heart valve.

Great and then I didn't hear from them for weeks, so I called, and I asked, What's going on with the heart valve?

It's gonna go back perhaps through the mitral valve, it can go there, or it might go through the tricuspid valve.

The low tech bit is that it's literally a pig's heart valve mounted in the high tech bit, which is a memory metal casing.

Okay, that's one valve down, three more to go.

So you see the leaflets opening and closing of this heart valve that's currently being used experimentally to try to get it to further studies.