Found the protein collagen.

Injectable collagen or, since the '70s, collagen from pigs has been used for injecting into wrinkles.

This actually shows the scaffold.

Take the scaffold to the roof.

Here we take a scaffold, and we basically scaffold can be like a piece of paper here.

And we can then tubularize this scaffold.

You now have your fully seeded scaffold.

Good. Now, outside there is a scaffold.

I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen.

One is that scaffold. The other is in their custody.

We take the cells, we expand them, we place the cells on the scaffold, and we then place the scaffold back into the patient.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

We then take a scaffold that we shape like a bladder.

And your entire body, everything your hair, skin, bone, nails everything is made of collagen.

But actually, before placing the scaffold into the patient, we actually exercise it.

And then a few weeks later we can take out the cartilage scaffold.

And the only place that collagen changes its structure is in the cornea of your eye.

It's allowing the cells to regenerate new tissue, and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away.

And the reason for this is that pigs are actually quite close to human beings, so the collagen is as well.

When we did the first clinical trial for these patients we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient.

We take the scaffold, we seed it with cells, and you can now see here, the valve leaflets opening and closing.

All we are left with is the skeleton, if you will, of the liver, all made up of collagen, a material that's in our bodies, that will not reject.

So I thought I would give a little bit of a scaffold of French history in the late 1700s and all the way through the mid 1800s.

It has a central space of spongy erectile tissue that fills with fluid in this case blood surrounded by a wall of tissue that's rich in a stiff structural protein called collagen.

We brought patients in, six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery, did X rays, and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patient's size pelvic cavity.

I encourage you all to use this as a scaffold for your own research, for you to look up these names and these events and figure out what actually happened.

So I went ahead, collected wall tissue, prepared it so it was erect, sectioned it, put it on slides and then stuck it under the microscope to have a look, fully expecting to see crossed helices of collagen of some variety.

And I started first with cow Achilles tendon, where we would take the cow Achilles tendon, which is type I collagen, strip it of its antigens by degrading it with an acid and detergent wash and forming it into a regeneration template.

less than half the size of a postage stamp, you can then tease that tissue apart, and look at its basic components, the patient's own cells, you take those cells out, grow and expand those cells outside the body in large quantities, and then we then use scaffold materials.

We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt we then shape that material, and we then use those cells to coat that material one layer at a time very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.

And then that ten week structure, what we call a mission, is broken down into a series of smaller challenges, that scaffold and really engage that kid in learning how to do something that will allow them to solve that complex problem. gt gt In watching these games, you realize the reason why these games are so popular, is they're so carefully balanced between offense and defense.

So, we made a section of the mammary gland of the mouse, and all those lovely acini are there, every one of those with the red around them are an acinus, and we said okay, we are going to try and make this, and I said, maybe that red stuff around the acinus that people think there's just a structural scaffold, maybe it has information, maybe it tells the cells what to do, maybe it tells the nucleus what to do.

What I thought I would attempt to do in this and the next few videos is just to give a scaffold of American history, I'm clearly going to glaze over a lot of the details, but hopefully it will give you a sense of how at least everything fits in together and at least the major events in American history, now when I talk about American history I mean United States history, and so the first real successful settlement in what's now the United States was at Jamestown, and that's Jamestown