Magnesium for the top layer.

And so any incremental hydroxide you add will actually go to build the hydroxide concentration.

Powders of aluminium, magnesium, silicon, etc. explode.

low concentrations of both hydroxide and hydrogen.

The hydroxide concentration is overwhelming your hydrogen concentration.

And you titrated it with this sodium hydroxide.

like calcium, potassium and magnesium from out of desalination brine.

You have an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen.

Because that's the point where you're going from having a majority of hydrogen versus hydroxide, to having a majority of hydroxide versus hydrogen.

And then above that, you're just adding more and more hydroxide.

Which is the hydrochloric acid, and which is the ammonium hydroxide?

If your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, you're neutral.

So to produce current, magnesium loses two electrons to become magnesium ion, which then migrates across the electrolyte, accepts two electrons from the antimony, and then mixes with it to form an alloy.

That these actual molecules of hydroxide are going to react with these things.

Where the hydroxide concentration is going to be greater than your hydrogen concentration.

What happens, first of all, when there's an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen?

So I must have added 1 mole of hydroxide to get to this point.

Acid rain from cities and industries leeches the soil of vital nutrients, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

And so on this axis, I'm going to slowly add more and more of this hydroxide.

So what's going to happen? As I slowly add hydroxide, it's going to increase the pH.

After this point, any hydroxide you add will essentially contribute to increasing the pH even more.

We've operated over 400 of these, perfecting their performance with a plurality of chemistries not just magnesium and antimony.

And this forces magnesium to de alloy and return to the upper electrode, restoring the initial constitution of the battery.

But what I'm going to do is I'm going to add a strong base. Let's say sodium hydroxide.

I can see magnesium citrate, and the side effects from that drug all integrated in the time in which they're meaningful.

Remember, hydroxide is a strong base. So the NaOH disassociates completely in an aqueous solution. To OH minus plus sodium cation.

Those of you in track two, take your hydrochloric acid and your ammonium hydroxide and carefully... pour them into... your beakers.

So there's some point where your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, and your pH is going to be 7.

You've essentially sopped up all of the hydrogen, but you also have sopped up all of the hydroxide that you've added so far.

And you said, well, gee, when I added 1 mole because you figured out at a liter of the solution of hydroxide ions.

Now if you look at the top of the slide, you will see that two thirds of us do not take in enough calcium, magnesium, zinc or iodine.

Aluminum buffer action, aluminum hydroxide is what we think it is, uh, plus the barium carbonate, strontium titanate, strontium oxides, barium oxides, probably some aluminum oxides in there.

And this, in terms of magnesium and the amount of water that I just mentioned, equates to a 4.5 billion mining industry for Singapore a place that doesn't have any natural resources.

And so we can measure strengths of absorption lines of elements such as iron or magnesium, which are fairly common and use that as an indicator of the chemical evolution history of the galaxy.

So once you put a liter in there because that's 1 mole per liter once you put a liter in there, you would have put 1 mole of hydroxide cations in there to sop up the hydrogen.

And the reason this has not been very seriously examined before is there was a common assumption in the industry that well, then it might not be safe if you got whacked by a heavy car, and it would cost a lot more to make, because the only way we know how to make cars much lighter was to use expensive light metals like aluminum and magnesium.