So the worldwide capacity to sequence human genomes is something like 50,000 to 100,000 human genomes this year.

So now we're able to gather data about our genomes, but, as we saw earlier, our genomes aren't dispositive.

So, we are now able to read genomes.

It's the oldest mammalian derived life form that we know of.

But then one day I started thinking about the mammalian penis.

What are we going to do with hundred dollar genomes?

Computational biology uses dynamic programming algorithms to measure similarity among genomes.

We are now not just reading genomes we are writing them.

But the fact is our genomes are greater than 99 percent similar.

Heard about it, at least? You probably hear about genomes these days.

These are normal mammalian cells genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene taken out of deep sea jellyfish.

And you can begin to compare it to the genomes of people who live today.

We are one species of about five and a half thousand mammalian species that exist on planet Earth today.

A mammalian fetus, if it loses a limb during the first trimester of pregnancy, will re grow that limb.

And just 24 years after that, we strapped our fragile mammalian bodies to rockets and flew to the Moon.

They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band tailed pigeon.

They're even better models of environmental health, because not only the same mammalian biology, but they share your diet, largely.

Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.

After these genomes are synthesized, the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome.

Each of us, of course, contains two human genomes one from our mothers and one from our fathers.

So to sum up, what have we learned from studying genomes of present day humans and extinct humans?

So if we zoom in to an even deeper level, all of those proteins are encoded by our genomes.

looking at the two African genomes, finding places where they differ from each other, and in each case ask

After all, if ideas about invertebrate skeletons can give us insights about mammalian reproductive systems, there could be lots of other wild and productive connections

They look at their entire genomes, and they try to find hot spots of activity that are linked causally to genes.

There is, for example, a project that's underway to sequence a thousand individuals their genomes from different parts of the world.

Now we, as humans, we store our information as DNA in our genomes and we pass this information on to our offspring.

So, what can we do with genomes now that we can read them, now that we're starting to have the book of life?

What I want to talk to you about is what we can learn from studying the genomes of living people and extinct humans.

You find muscular tubes, modified legs, modified fins, as well as the mammalian fleshy, inflatable cylinder that we're all familiar with or at least half of you are.

He actually was the first person to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do, because dog genomes are very plastic.

What does it mean when these dots don't represent the individual bases of your genome, but they connect to genomes all across the planet?

We just got a grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to sequence 130 genomes this year, as a side project from environmental organisms.

These genomes, these 23 chromosomes, they don't in any way represent the quality of our relationships or the nature of our society at least not yet.

We, humans, have a natural reaction, that when we hold our breath, or when we expose sensitive parts to water, our body's systems switches to something like sea mammals, called mammalian dive reflex.

So we think that we can expand or contract genomes, depending on your point of view here, to maybe 300 to 400 genes from the minimal of 500.

And he took skin cells, healthy skin and cancerous bone marrow, and sequenced the whole genomes of both of them in a couple of weeks, no big deal.

In the intestines there are a hundred trillion of these bugs, reflecting over 10 thousand unique species, and contributing 150 times more genes than our own human genomes.

And the way to ask that question is to look at the Neanderthal that comes from Southern Europe and compare it to genomes of people who live today.

So in the last decade, a large number of genomes have been added most human pathogens, a couple of plants, several insects and several mammals, including the human genome.

So from studying these genomes of extinct humans, we're beginning to arrive at a picture of what the world looked like when modern humans started coming out of Africa.

This is a project that had its inception 15 years ago when our team then we called the institute TlGR was involved in sequencing the first two genomes in history.

And we will find that the two genomes in me, or one genome of mine we want to use, will have about three million differences in the order of that.

We also tried to take a more directly intellectual approach with the genomes of 13 related organisms, and we tried to compare all of those, to see what they had in common.

There may come a time when we meddle with our genomes in such a way that not being able to run a marathon at age 200 will be considered a profound disability.