lost their pigmentation.

I had retinal detachment five years ago.

Next he has to pass a retinal scan.

And yet it's only the retinal information that we get.

And that skin pigmentation itself was a product of evolution.

He's so pale. He seems to be developing some pigmentation.

Completely different meanings, giving rise to the exact same retinal information.

Stem cell derived retinal transplants, now in a research phase, may one day restore vision, or part vision, to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.

This had tremendous consequences for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

And then the transducer then makes the output cells send the code on up to the brain, and the result is a retinal prosthetic that can produce normal retinal output.

So what happens when a person gets a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration?

This has tremendous implications for our understanding of the evolution of human skin pigmentation.

So what it's doing is, it's replacing the retinal circuitry, really the guts of the retinal circuitry, with a set of equations, a set of equations that we can implement on a chip.

Now what is wonderful about the evolution of human skin pigmentation, and the phenomenon of pigmentation, is that it is the demonstration, the evidence, of evolution by natural selection, right on your body.

And yet he rejected the idea that human skin pigmentation was related to the climate.

This experience taught me to empathize more with my patients, and especially those with retinal diseases.

So lets all wish for his great health, and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation.

But we need to think about how he compares, in terms of his pigmentation, to other people on Earth.

He, as one of many urban admixed populations, is very emblematic of a mixed parentage, of a mixed pigmentation.

And he resembles, very closely, people with moderate levels of pigmentation who live in southern Africa, or Southeast Asia.

So we have, in skin pigmentation, one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today.

Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, retinal eye diseases are any of these conditions relevant, personally, to you?

We kind of changed the simple digital camera into a retinal camera, and then every patient gets their teleconsultation with a doctor.

What's significant to the story of human skin pigmentation is just how much of the Northern Hemisphere is in these cool gray zones.

Darwin, I think, would have appreciated this, even though he eschewed the importance of climate on the evolution of pigmentation during his own life.

So we need to be able to recover that. The generalization of albedo of course is color, but color as in the pigmentation of the object.

It brings the light into focus at just the right spot, and then you have your retinal nerves and you have two eyes so can see in stereoscopic vision.

And what Darwin could not appreciate, or didn't perhaps want to appreciate at the time, is that there was a fundamental relationship between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation and skin pigmentation.

Then what happens is the retinal circuitry, the middle part, goes to work on it, and what it does is it performs operations on it, it extracts information from it, and it converts that information into a code.