Here you've got the aortic valve.

We call that the aortic arch.

That external aortic root, it will never work, you know.

So I set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation.

You can see two of the leaflets of the aortic valve working there.

It has a funny tri lobal shape at the bottom, which contains the aortic valve.

So when you have dub, you have noise coming from the pulmonic and the aortic valve snapping shut.

It's still getting some base level oxygen less because of the stenosis and ischemia but it still gets some oxygen.

You can see how the pulmonary and aortic valve are closed when the mitral and tricuspid valve are open.

In the middle, you can see that little structure squeezing out, that's the left ventricle, pushing blood out through the aortic valve.

Now, a word that you might hear in a medical context is stenosis , and the word just refers to the narrowing, usually of a blood vessel.

They all imply some sort of narrowing, or stenosis, of arteries that leads to ischemia, reduced blood flow, so that the heart can't function as well as it otherwise could.

So when this guy is jogging, because he has restricted blood supply because the heart is experiencing ischemia downstream from this stenosis, that's why there's heart failure so not able to deliver

And then the final valve, I need to find a nice spot to write it maybe to right here, this final valve that passes through is called the Aortic valve.

If you compare our new treatment to the existing alternative, the composite aortic root graft, there are one or two startling comparisons which I'm sure will be clear to all of you.

What's happening between these two, time like here, is that blood is actually squeezing out because the pulmonic and aortic valves just opened, blood is squeezing out and going to the whole body.

But you also know that if that is what's making the noise, you can kind of guess, and it's a smart guess that at the same time the pulmonic and the aortic valve just opened.

It can also refer to the narrowing of any type of tubular structure, so if you have any type of pipe in a biological system, you can use stenosis there, but usually they're talking about a blood vessel.

Now if you have stenosis in one of your blood vessels, and it leads to ischemia then the muscles, and let's just say this a coronary artery here... the muscle cells over here are going to get less oxygen.

So, you can imagine that if we're really zoomed in on the surface of the heart and we're looking at the cardiac muscle tissue, if this person with this heart needed to go jogging and this cardiac muscle cell needed oxygen, they probably wouldn't be able to get the needed oxygen because of the stenosis which caused ischemia.