Yeast makes dough rise.

Yeast makes beer ferment.

In this case, it's yeast, but yeast is leaven. What does leaven mean?

It's yeast burps and sweat.

It needs to be the yeast.

lines floating in a nameless yeast.

Like a banana with a yeast infection.

Mrs. Car has a yeast infection again.

That is the slurry being poured onto paper, basically. That's the line running.

Bread is made from flour, water and yeast.

They become accessible to the yeast as food.

Bread is made from flour, water, and often yeast.

Yeast acts as an agent in making bread rise.

There are microbes, you know go back to yeast.

And so both sides were progressing, but part of the synthesis had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast and yeast would assemble these for us.

So basically now we're eating yeast sweats sweat, burps and starch guts.

Yeast is eating sugar and turning it into carbon dioxide and alcohol.

I even went to the Miss Deaf America contest in Nashville, Tennessee where people complained about that slurry Southern signing.

You can make a biocensor out of yeast to detect pollutants in water.

Not only does it do that if you took the genome that synthetic genome and you plugged it into a different critter, like yeast, you now turn that yeast into Mycoplasma.

So how we use yeast in the future is going to be really interesting.

We're gonna go talk to that skinny yeast factory of a girlfriend you got.

Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in yeast puts them together automatically.

So our team developed new techniques for actually growing, cloning entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.

And once we had done that, now we can take naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.

It's an amazing step forward, but we had a problem because now we had the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.

So what we found is if we took the chromosome out of yeast and methylated it, we could then transplant it.

You can just take the DNA code from marijuana or poppies or coca leaves and cut and past that gene and put it into yeast, and you can take those yeast and make them make the cocaine for you, or the marijuana, or any other drug.

So we took the same mycoides genome that Carole had initially transplanted, and we grew that in yeast as an artificial chromosome.

And we thought this would be a great test bed for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast and transplant them.

When we did these experiments, though, we could get the chromosome out of yeast but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.

The yeast comes alive and starts eating the sugars, creating carbon dioxide and alcohol essentially it's burping and sweating, which is what bread is.

It doesn't matter whether you're a yeast it doesn't matter whether you're a mouse doesn't matter whether you're a fly we all have DNA.

We can understand, for example, why we create plaque in our arteries, what creates the starchiness inside of a grain, why does yeast metabolize sugar and produce carbon dioxide.

But what happened was that he had to be on medication that, at that time Diflucan, which in the States is used for yeast infections cost 30 dollars a pill.

And so we, in the mixing process, have to develop the gluten, we have to activate the leaven or the yeast, and we have to essentially distribute all the ingredients evenly.

So in addition to doing the transplant, we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome out of the eukaryotic yeast into a form where we could transplant it into a recipient cell.

And it's made it can be a sourdough starter, or what we call a biga or any other kind of pre fermented dough with a little yeast in it, and that starts to develop flavor also.

So last fall when we published the results of that work in Science, we all became overconfident and were sure we were only a few weeks away from being able to now boot up a chromosome out of yeast.

The yeast, whose mission it has been up till now to raise the dough, to enliven it, to vivify it, in order to complete its mission, which is also to turn this dough into bread, has to give up its life.

And somehow, this is transformed the yeast burps and sweats are later transformed and this is really getting to the heart of what makes bread so special is that it is a transformational food, and we're going to explore that in a minute.

We're here today to announce the first synthetic cell, a cell made by starting with the digital code in the computer, building the chromosome from four bottles of chemicals, assembling that chromosome in yeast, transplanting it into a recipient bacterial cell and transforming that cell into a new bacterial species.