And this is an amino acid.

For example, we might say that, and this isn't the actual code, but maybe UAC, and I should look these up.

A's and G's and T's.

And some other ones that are not used in the set of 20, they will not appear at all in any type of concentration.

And these proteins, the building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

My little tRNA's pull up, pull up next to it, and they each hold a payload, right?

Սա թարգմանվում է սպիտակուցի

And if I have I mean, I think you get the idea.

But all of these things are proteins, and all these

looking at day and night. (Laughter)

And tRNA molecules are these molecules that are attached to the they're almost like the trucks for the amino acids.

It has the code AUG.

It's a very long chain of these amino acids, and there are actually 20 different amino acids.

So three base pairs make a codon.

So this first one holds this payload right here of this amino acid.

Well, three times as much, right?

But that's still not enough.

This codes for amino acid number 1.

The animals can't manufacture the amino acid, lysine.

Triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids, such that there's a single letter designation for each of the amino acids.

Welcome to MlT. Now you're in your element.

Սպիտակուցը կարող է վերջանալ այստեղ

What about the lysine contingency? We could put that into effect. What's that?

All of this stuff came from a different cell.

I don't know, let's call it amino acid 1, amino acid 5, amino acid 20.

Some of these are multiple chains of amino acids kind of fitting together like a big puzzle, but some of them or just single chains of amino acids.

It's what happens in proteins.

They'll be attached to tRNA molecules.

Well it turns out, we have many different alternatives for such a set of building blocks.

So that we actually, to test this idea, first took a look at amino acids and some other carboxylic acids.

I really just want to give you the big picture idea of how the proteins are actually formed.

And this one happens to be a good source of all 20 amino acids.

Of course, there is still glycine and alanine, but in fact, there are these heavy elements, these heavy amino acids, that are being produced because they are valuable to the organism.

Now, genes are short segments of DNA that code for amino acids.

That's still not enough to code for one of 20 amino acids to say, hey, this is going to code for amino acid number five, and we'll talk more about their actual names.

So I'm highlighting just a few words and saying definitions like that rely on things that are not based on amino acids or leaves or anything that we are used to, but in fact on processes only.

It's a singlecelled protein combined with synthetic aminos, vitamins and minerals.

shuts off screen Load the amino acids. I'll extract the viral DNA from his blood.

Actually, it's overkill, because we can actually have 64 combinations here, and there are only 20 amino acids, so we can even have redundant combinations code for different amino acids.

So let's say I have some amino acid right here, and then I have another amino acid that's right here like that, and then

Let me write that.

little, little folds you see, these are all little amino I mean, they're just little dots of amino acids.

What you find is mostly glycine and then alanine and there's some trace elements of the other ones.

So if we have three of these bases, we can actually code for an amino acid.

What we can use are the smaller molecules that make up these proteins, the amino acids.