Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

This is the whole cell.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.

In its most popular sense, when people talk about mitosis, they're referring to a cell, a diploid cell.

Or we can use both.

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

So that's the nucleus.

So, here it is, the moment of conception, egg meets sperm!

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

I'm not talking about the money supply here.

Let me write that down.

Light travels through the pupil, through the eyes interior.

less than half the size of a postage stamp.

It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.

And so if this germ cell undergoes meiosis, and I'll do a whole video on the mechanics of it, instead of two cells, it'll actually produce four cells that each have half the number of chromosomes in them, so these cells are haploid.

Now, when I got both of these in my body or in my cells, and this is in every cell of my body, every cell of my body except for, and we'll talk in a few seconds about my germ cells, but every cells other than the ones that I use for reproduction have this complete set of chromosomes in it, which I find amazing.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

The proteins are coming apart during this prophase I.

So a germ cell is the product of mitosis, so it still has 2N number of chromosomes, so it still is a diploid cell or has a diploid number.

There is just too many things to go wrong.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

(Applause)

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

Animal bodies are made up of cells.

They've got great potential but haven't yet entered clinical trials.

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

And then this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.

So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell.

Բայց ռիբոսոմները ուղղակի պտտվում են, եթե նրանք ազատ ռիբոսոմներ են, հետո այդ սպիտակուցները, որոնք արտադրվեցին ռիբոսոմի վրա, կպտտվեն այստեղ բջջի հեղուկ մասսայում դա մենք կոչում ենք ցիտոպլազմա

So, for example, if I were to draw this let me draw the cell and it has now two nucleuses, each with the diploid number of chromosomes, this cell has experienced mitosis.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

Now let's zoom in on it here, so we can see it in more detail.

So what we see here is that we went from a diploid starting way where did we start?

So, why doesn't it do it?

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

A human body consists of a countless number of cells.

The end product is you have four cells and each of them are haploid.

So let's think a little bit about the immune system as a process of shape recognition.

And that's your ancestor.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.