And you see activity in some regions we've seen today, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial, however, up here, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, an area that's involved in lots of types of conflict resolution, like if you're playing Simon Says, and also the right and left temporoparietal junction.

The reason is, they're treating other people like a computer, and the brain is too.

So you have the prefrontal cortex here,

In red is an area that's active in the prefrontal cortex, the frontal lobe of the brain, and in blue is this area that was deactivated.

It's also, by the way, a characteristic of certain kinds of brain damage.

It peaks in early adolescence.

So this is a model of the human brain, and this is prefrontal cortex, right at the front.

It goes to the nucleus accumbens, all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, where decisions are made, high level.

And as they follow them over 5 years comparing them to age match controls, you can see that, particularly in areas

It's keeping me standing. It's involved in coordinated movement.

And one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part, called the frontal lobe.

The bell curve shows 150 controls, and what is being looked at is the difference between the right and the left frontal lobe.

So we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex that went way up in activity.

(Laughter)

Well it turns out there is a way to measure happiness in the brain.

One of the brain regions that changes most dramatically during adolescence is called prefrontal cortex.

It's been shown to promote pre frontal cortex development where a lot of cognition is happening.

The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at, who was a murderer, and was a serial killer, had damage to their orbital cortex, which is right above the eyes, the orbits, and also the interior part of the temporal lobe.

And you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the fMRl, versus the right prefrontal cortex.

This is the work of Dr. Bruce Miller.

The frontal lobe, the neocortex, the human part that doesn't come back.

And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome, you don't go to those higher levels.

The olecranon, the medial epicondyle, the lateral epicondyle, the radial head, the location of the posterior interosseous nerve, and the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa.

We're only going to talk about three of them.

If you look at the first slide there, that's the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, OK the lobes that constitute the brain.

But there's traces of a name inside in felttip.

You place the muscle cells on the outside.

The bullet entered The frontal bone Just above the left orbit, Traveled in an upward trajectory

Because our egocentric perception from the Buddha's point of view, misperception is that all we are is what is inside our skin.

But in addition, if you compare the skull with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here, you see that you have vertical forehead.

So, if you look at visual beauty, you find there is one area, in the medial orbital frontal cortex, and if you look at the strings of activity in relation to the declared intensity of the experience of beauty, you find that the higher the experience of beauty, the higher the activity as measured by the change in blood flow.

It's important if you try to model this.

And this region, the regions within the limbic system, have been found to be hypersensitive to the rewarding feeling of risk taking in adolescents compared with adults, and at the very same time, the prefrontal cortex, which you can see in blue in the slide here, which stops us taking excessive risks, is still very much in development in adolescents.

We will change you, Dr. Jones, all of you, from the inside.

And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic, convulsive stimulation, or release, of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex.

And what pattern do you see here?

And so what happens is that the new phenomena, the new skins, the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion that we get to, resemble the slightly larger ones.

These are contrast maps that are showing subtractions between what changes when you're improvising vs. when you're doing something memorized.

Her coat is fur on the inside.

And when you look at which parts of the brain were active when they experienced musical beauty, you find, again, in addition to the auditory areas plus other areas, there's this area here, in the medial orbital frontal cortex, which is especially active.

And if you closed your eyes you'd be able to mentally navigate it.

It's called the hippocampus.

The reptilian part of our brain, which sits in the center of our brain, when it's threatened, it shuts down everything else, it shuts down the prefrontal cortex, the parts which learn, it shuts all of that down.

Let's say you wanted to read something out loud.

Lab pulled up an imprint of some old writing that used to be on the inside. Old Magic Marker or something.