They control how the cells grow and differentiate.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells.

Maybe these cells eventually differentiate into things that'll turn to my brain.

Let's make it concrete.

Cell division

Rapid cell deterioration.

celermitosis.

He generated neurons from these induced pluripotent stem cells from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease, and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.

But it differentiated.

I'm reading massive cellular deterioration.

It has not experienced cytokinesis, which we will talk about in a few moments, but that's the process of the actual cytoplasm of the cell being split into two different cells.

Kecyte and... at that rate, you couldn't possibly maintain cell regulation or differentiation.

We then tease the tissue apart into its two individual cell components, muscle, and these bladder specialized cells.

When you take a chemotherapeutic drug, it will hit all of these cells.

Notice, this is an aldehyde, and it's an alcohol.

Notice, this is an aldehyde, and it's an alcohol.

And so if this germ cell undergoes meiosis, and I'll do a whole video on the mechanics of it, instead of two cells, it'll actually produce four cells that each have half the number of chromosomes in them, so these cells are haploid.

Wait a minute. How do you interrupt the cellular mitosis?

These are the instructions for the cell.

They are our body's own repair kits, and they're pluripotent, which means they can morph into all of the cells in our bodies.

That's what your genes are doing every day.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

Mitosis occurs in pretty much all of our somatic cells as our skin cells replicate, and our hair cells and all the tissue in our body as it duplicates itself, it goes through mitosis.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

Interestingly, when you were first conceived, and you were just comprised of a few, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, which had the potential to become any cell in your body, your chromatin didn't have many Epigenetic marks on it.

So it just starts splitting into two more cells that are and actually, let me do it this way, just because the actual way it works is right when a cell is split, the cells that it splits into aren't that much larger than the original one.

It is a simple chemical model of a living cell, and if you consider for example a cell in your body may have on the order of millions of different types of molecules that need to come together, play together in a complex network to produce something that we call alive.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

SR So what do you think, Xu?

And what those four chemicals do is they take any cell and take it way back up the mountain so it can become any body part.

And as we go smaller again, about ten times smaller than that, is a cell.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

The zygote happens or gets created and starts splitting up the morula, and then it keeps splitting and it differentiates into the blastocyst, and then this is where the stem cells are.

Let's look at a healthy liver cell, a healthy hair cell, and a cancerous cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

I'll nicely demonstrate that for you. (Laughter)

And you can do that you can tweak the viruses so they hit just some cells and not others.

How long?

Over time the activity of this genetic regulators seems to decline and cumulative cell damage can occur

It gets bigger, and that's during the G2 phase, so it's just growing more.

By the end of telophase in mitosis, you also have this process of cytokinesis, where this cleavage furrow forms and deepens, deepens, deepens until the cytoplasm is actually split into two separate cells.

The structure of each villus contains a capillary and lacteal to pick up the digestion nutrients.