And finally, up to 50 to 70 of software development effort is spent on validation and debugging.

If a construct is, is truly valid and has strong, a lot of support for it, then it will demonstrate all of these different types of validity.

So it's necessary to have both convergence, and divergence to establish, construct validity.

That gives you content validity. So that's real easy.

First we'll talk about reliability and validity in individual variables and individual, individual measures of psychological constructs, and then we'll talk about the idea of sampling.

Now let's look at the different forms of validity.

Is there any data to show that child seats are actually less effective, or just as effective as seatbelts for serious injury?

The explored set, on the other hand, is easier.

learning vocabulary, should show, lower scores or depressed scores on this test to show some nomological validity.

We're going to proceed by taking advantage of a particular observation.

That way we've shown some, convergent validity.

But we don't have a good motivation for putting it in there at this point, OK.

It's only for those who love hard to prove challenges.

We've talked about NHST when we talked about measurement issues and correlation, if you remember.

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That's happened quite a lot though.

And it's true love. It's verifiable.

This test should be, correlated to a lesser degree with tests of spacial reasoning than it is, with a test of reading comprehension.

Appropriate?

Does the test consist of words that children should know?

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That meaning, it should converge with that other measure of that same construct.

What I want to do in this video is give you a bunch of properties of limits and we're not going to prove it rigorously here

We started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate.

I am the first patient.

This is all well and good, except that changes in different directions actually effect whether or not we think options are good or not.

Rational intelligence, yes. Which Archer has not demonstrated.

Go prove the value of your section.

It could simply be, motivation or the children's ability to take tests in general or, how happy they are in the school environment.

Not in a measurement sense, but just with respect to correlations and, and correlation based arguments.

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normal, adequate, borderline, mildly.

What's fair?

That's the inter item method and one of the most common ways we, we estimate reliability in psychology.

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And how to interpret arguments based on cor relational analysis.

Firstly I'm going to show you the transparency.

And some of our investigative teams have demonstrated that female stem cells and this is in animals and increasingly we're showing this in humans that female stem cells, when put even into a male body, do better than male stem cells going into a male body.