It can actually make itself glow.

And this all changed in the late 19th century.

Rapid cell deterioration.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells.

When you take a chemotherapeutic drug, it will hit all of these cells.

Let's make it concrete.

I'm reading massive cellular deterioration.

Over 40 years ago, I was cloning stem cells and one of the first experiments just so blew my mind

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

It is a simple chemical model of a living cell, and if you consider for example a cell in your body may have on the order of millions of different types of molecules that need to come together, play together in a complex network to produce something that we call alive.

And so what we have here is a description of single cells replicating, metabolizing, burning through chemistries.

I'll nicely demonstrate that for you. (Laughter)

They control how the cells grow and differentiate.

We're actually injecting contrast into the organ.

Those three trends are the ability to engineer cells, the ability to engineer tissues, and robots.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

So we were essentially mapping the microcircuitry of the brain which cells are communicating with which cells, with which chemicals, and then in what quantities of those chemicals?

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

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Maybe these cells eventually differentiate into things that'll turn to my brain.

And it's in men as well as in women.

disabling, reversing cell cycle inhibitors.

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Where are the kids?

He generated neurons from these induced pluripotent stem cells from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease, and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.

But it differentiated.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

Kecyte and... at that rate, you couldn't possibly maintain cell regulation or differentiation.

Cell division

Cell radius

They were developed in Japan pretty recently.

From Conception to Birth Oocyte

Fuel cells.

That's what your genes are doing every day.

In these cells, the mission is to move blood around their body.

And that's your ancestor.

SR So what do you think, Xu?

Radiation hits whatever you point it at, and your blood stream carries chemo therapeutics all over your body.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

Over time the activity of this genetic regulators seems to decline and cumulative cell damage can occur

If some cells suddenly decide to start reading other instructions, they can actually change from one type to another.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.