Recommendation 2

Think of it as beginning to program stuff for specific purposes.

It's kind of like an evolution machine.

If you were a cell in that caterpillar body at that time, you would look around and say, Oh my God, our world is coming to an end!

But, the culture medium to cells is like the world that we live in it's got the the air, the water, the food, all the things in it.

So this is the great majority of your cells, and this is opposed to your germ cells.

These chains then progress and attach to the genetic material and pull the genetic material from one cell into two cells.

What's that? A possible treatment using stem cells from a genetically compatible donor.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

When they do this, they obscure the underlying genes, preventing the cell from being able to read them.

Trillion!

9.Genetic counselling

Now, when I got both of these in my body or in my cells, and this is in every cell of my body, every cell of my body except for, and we'll talk in a few seconds about my germ cells, but every cells other than the ones that I use for reproduction have this complete set of chromosomes in it, which I find amazing.

He's your father? No wonder you so ugly.

I put one stem cell in a culture dish all by itself and that stem cell divides every ten to twelve hours.

And it's my job, in the competitive process, to narrow this down.

Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue has gone into the nucleus that little compartment there in the middle of the cell and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.

What was so profoundly important about this is that if you ask the question What is responsible for controlling the fate of the cells? what controls the fate of the cells? what the experiment clearly revealed was that all the cells were genetically identical. same genetics

Metagenic research.

We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells, by adding a few genes to them, culturing them, and then harvesting them.

Okay, so what is the daf 2 receptor telling the inside of the cell?

The chromosomes in our cells contain the whole of our genetic material.

Our bodies have certain genes in them called tumor suppressor genes.

That means that microenvironment and the context which surrounds those cells actually are telling the cancer gene and the cancer cell what to do.

It's the question of, why are we so different from the chimpanzees?

I'm a geneticist.

How long will those chunks be?

One of the tricks you have to do is to figure out how to deliver these genes to the cells that you want and not all the other neighbors.

Hyalograft C. We grow tissue from your own cells.

Over 40 years ago, I was cloning stem cells and one of the first experiments just so blew my mind

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

12.Ethnicity and genetics

Now look at that. There is that beautiful feather in the embryo.

I just briefly want to remind you about what you already know that our genomes, our genetic material, are stored in almost all cells in our bodies in chromosomes in the form of DNA, which is this famous double helical molecule.

This is because, although each cell in our bodies contains the same set of genes, different mixes of genes get turned on and off in different cells.

13.Gender issues and genetics

When the molecule increases to a certain amount which says something about the number of cells it locks down into that receptor and information comes into the cells that tells the cells to turn on this collective behavior of making light.

When they do this, the gene becomes accessible to the cell, the cell is able to read it and turn it on.

Ceramides. They act as a signaling molecule in skin.

Those three trends are the ability to engineer cells, the ability to engineer tissues, and robots.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

After all, these cells contain exactly the same DNA but it's their Epigenetic instructions that help tell them which genes to turn on and which ones to turn off.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

And the amoeba dubia doesn't look like much, except that each of you has about 3.2 billion letters, which is what makes you you, as far as gene code inside each of your cells, and this little amoeba which, you know, sits in water in hundreds and millions and billions, turns out to have 620 billion base pairs of gene code inside.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.