Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

As just a second example these pyramidal cells, large cells, they can span a significant fraction of the brain.

So here's two sort of canonical neurons from a vertebrate and an invertebrate, a human pyramidal neuron from Ramon y Cajal, and another cell to the right, a non spiking interneuron, and this is the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burrows many years ago, and Malcolm Burrows came up with a pretty interesting idea based on the fact that this neuron from a locust does not fire action potentials.

So if I start off with a diploid cell, and that's my diploid cell right there, this would be a germ cell.

And that's shown here in the the very light blue.

So that's the nucleus.

The centrosomes have gone to opposite sides of the cell itself.

So this is my body cells.

This is the whole cell.

In its most popular sense, when people talk about mitosis, they're referring to a cell, a diploid cell.

Or we can use both.

So certain genes are expressed in certain parts of the body, but every one of your body cells, and we call those somatic cells, and we'll separate those from the sex sells or the germs that we'll talk about later.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

And the cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes are our gametes, which are sperm cells for men, and ova, or egg cells for women.

Light travels through the pupil, through the eyes interior.

less than half the size of a postage stamp.

So, here it is, the moment of conception, egg meets sperm!

It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.

I'm not talking about the money supply here.

The proteins are coming apart during this prophase I.

Let me write that down.

And so if this germ cell undergoes meiosis, and I'll do a whole video on the mechanics of it, instead of two cells, it'll actually produce four cells that each have half the number of chromosomes in them, so these cells are haploid.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

Now, when I got both of these in my body or in my cells, and this is in every cell of my body, every cell of my body except for, and we'll talk in a few seconds about my germ cells, but every cells other than the ones that I use for reproduction have this complete set of chromosomes in it, which I find amazing.

So a germ cell is the product of mitosis, so it still has 2N number of chromosomes, so it still is a diploid cell or has a diploid number.

There is just too many things to go wrong.

So in a male, you have some germ cells, so some of these cells turn into germ cells.

Each one plays a particular role a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

Animal bodies are made up of cells.

Now let's zoom in on it here, so we can see it in more detail.

So what we see here is that we went from a diploid starting way where did we start?

(Applause)

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Եկեք դա նշեմ բջջային թաղանթ

It's also an attention sensing system.

They've got great potential but haven't yet entered clinical trials.

No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy.

But even now, 2011, there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.

So, why doesn't it do it?

Բայց ռիբոսոմները ուղղակի պտտվում են, եթե նրանք ազատ ռիբոսոմներ են, հետո այդ սպիտակուցները, որոնք արտադրվեցին ռիբոսոմի վրա, կպտտվեն այստեղ բջջի հեղուկ մասսայում դա մենք կոչում ենք ցիտոպլազմա

So, for example, if I were to draw this let me draw the cell and it has now two nucleuses, each with the diploid number of chromosomes, this cell has experienced mitosis.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

And then this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.

So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell.

A human body consists of a countless number of cells.