Which is the hydrochloric acid, and which is the ammonium hydroxide?

Ammonium dysterate.

Those of you in track two, take your hydrochloric acid and your ammonium hydroxide and carefully... pour them into... your beakers.

Ammonium sulphate, among other aromas.

We are feeding in ammonium dysterate gas.

And so any incremental hydroxide you add will actually go to build the hydroxide concentration.

low concentrations of both hydroxide and hydrogen.

The hydroxide concentration is overwhelming your hydrogen concentration.

And you titrated it with this sodium hydroxide.

Well, no, the potassium hydroxide is the electrolyte.

200 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. I walked into my apartment...

You have an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen.

Because that's the point where you're going from having a majority of hydrogen versus hydroxide, to having a majority of hydroxide versus hydrogen.

And then above that, you're just adding more and more hydroxide.

If your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, you're neutral.

Jack, you do know ammonium dysterate could kill them as easily as flush them out.

That these actual molecules of hydroxide are going to react with these things.

Where the hydroxide concentration is going to be greater than your hydrogen concentration.

What happens, first of all, when there's an equal amount of hydroxide and hydrogen?

So I must have added 1 mole of hydroxide to get to this point.

We've accessed the air intake to your safe room. We are now feeding in ammonium dysterate gas.

You know, a little sodium hydroxide, shut the lid. No harm done. Then we're golden.

Through the magic of diesel fuel and ammonium nitrate I'm ready right now to blow you all skyhigh.

And so on this axis, I'm going to slowly add more and more of this hydroxide.

So what's going to happen? As I slowly add hydroxide, it's going to increase the pH.

After this point, any hydroxide you add will essentially contribute to increasing the pH even more.

But what I'm going to do is I'm going to add a strong base. Let's say sodium hydroxide.

Remember, hydroxide is a strong base. So the NaOH disassociates completely in an aqueous solution. To OH minus plus sodium cation.

So there's some point where your hydroxide concentration is equal to your hydrogen concentration, and your pH is going to be 7.

You've essentially sopped up all of the hydrogen, but you also have sopped up all of the hydroxide that you've added so far.

And you said, well, gee, when I added 1 mole because you figured out at a liter of the solution of hydroxide ions.

Aluminum buffer action, aluminum hydroxide is what we think it is, uh, plus the barium carbonate, strontium titanate, strontium oxides, barium oxides, probably some aluminum oxides in there.

So once you put a liter in there because that's 1 mole per liter once you put a liter in there, you would have put 1 mole of hydroxide cations in there to sop up the hydrogen.