3.05, presentation of a plaque.

The plaque has to be removed.

This is what we call a plaque.

The plaque reads, Albert Einstein lived here.

Now, let me draw a plaque there. and we've been studying plaque since the video on heart attacks.

Sometimes as I might describe here is a plaque.

I think I have a lot of plaque build up.

At some point, you can imagine this plaque is unstable.

Have you ever wondered what is inside your dental plaque?

Now this is actually a popular plaque, and this is a crowd of overachievers, so I'm betting that some of you have this plaque.

Our brains can gunk up with plaque, and we can get Alzheimer's.

He's a dentist. People go to see him when they have plaque.

So, everything the part of the plaque that hasn't moved can experience clotting, and the part of the plaque that is dumped in the bloodstream can also clot.

It's a type of fossilized dental plaque that is called officially dental calculus.

People come, and when their wishes are granted, they put up another plaque.

And so the yellow is the fatty plaque, and panel A is a man.

For that I won a big old plaque Man of the Year in Education.

As the plaque reads, this is John Harvard, founder of Harvard University in 1638.

Plaques, or I should say, clotting factors can clot these released pieces from the plaque.

It's less likely but sometimes a plaque could also go downstream, kind of form a thromboembolism.

Now the content of this plaque the lipid, the cholesterol, the fat, the dead white blood cell.

Mr. Preston Tucker, the key to our fair city and this beautiful plaque to commemorate your achievements.

There's a little plaque on the end that, you know, each buyer gets their name engraved on it.

And in fact just to highlight the fact that this person has very stiff vessels let me show you these atherosclerotic plaques sitting inside their arteries making them stiff.

You can imagine all these blood flows, as plaque grows, the blood flows become a little turbulent around these plaques.

Now this plaque has rupture. It got so big. Maybe the turbulent blood flow helped stimulate this and whatever else.

All the sudden you could have these clotting factors form a clot right over here right at the actual plaque.

Let me just draw this in a reddish color, because you can have blood clots form on the ruptured plaque.

By the way, Tony Hayward, the former CEO of BP, had a plaque on his desk inscribed with this inspirational slogan

And we said, We're going to hypothesize that the fatty plaque in women is actually probably different, and deposited differently, than men.

It could actually rupture. Let me draw ruptured plaque over here....let me draw the same one....I am gonna draw the ruptured.

So in the last video we talked about these plaques forming, and if this plaque is unstable at some point it could rupture.

We can understand, for example, why we create plaque in our arteries, what creates the starchiness inside of a grain, why does yeast metabolize sugar and produce carbon dioxide.

Course, like light, it's great to be able to put sound to highlight a clothing rack, or the cornflakes, or the toothpaste, or a talking plaque in a movie theater lobby.

So it would not be wrong to call it an embolus, but in particular if you know it is a thromboembolus, you know it is the clotted material from a released plaque that can go lodge itself.

Maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and plane crashes, and more time concerned with the subtler and slower disasters we face the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries, the gradual changes in our climate.

And our colleagues in Washington, D.C. had recently published that when women have heart attacks and die, compared to men who have heart attacks and die and again, this is millions of people, happening every day women, in their fatty plaque and this is their coronary artery, so the main blood supply going into the heart muscle women erode, men explode.

Now we saw on the video on myocardial infarctions or heart attacks that sometimes, one of these plaques might become unstable and they break off and then you have a complete blocking of a vessel, and we called this if it's an embolus... and remember that an embolus is something that is just floating around and eventually blocks a vessel, and if it was a due to a ruptured plaque that also had clotting factors around it when it was released, then we would call this a thromboembolism.