So, remember I told you about my brother's stem cell transplant.

Tim can you tell me whether my brother's stem cell transplant worked or not?

These are a stem cell line.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

But where is stem cell therapy really going?

So each of these is an embryonic stem cell.

So that's what they call a stem cell line.

I put one stem cell in a culture dish all by itself and that stem cell divides every ten to twelve hours.

If someone needs a kidney transplant or a heart transplant, maybe in the future, we could take a colony of these embryonic stem cells.

And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell.

Stem cell therapies may one day reduce the need for donor organs.

In the side effects for his drug, integrated into that, the stem cell transplant that he had, the first in the world, shared openly for anyone who wants to see it.

It has the capacity to produce thousands and thousands of stem cell lines.

So you have this notion of when you to get an embryonic stem cell line, and when I say a stem cell line, I mean you take a couple of stem cells, or let's say you take one stem cell, and then you put it in a Petri dish, and then you allow it to just duplicate.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

Adult stem cells are throughout our body, including the blood forming stem cells in our bone marrow, which we've been using as a form of stem cell therapy for over 40 years.

They all came from one unique embryonic stem cell or what initially was a blastomere.

And I focused my research on stem cells as a possible source for cell transplants.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

In 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first identified, and just nine years later, a group of scientists in Japan were able to take skin cells and reprogram them with very powerful viruses to create a kind of pluripotent stem cell called an induced pluripotent stem cell, or what we refer to as an IPS cell.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

Short Stem Funnel

This is the first transplant of naked DNA, where you take an entire DNA operating system out of one cell, insert it into a different cell, and have that cell boot up as a separate species.

So the debate obviously is when you start an embryonic stem cell line, you are destroying an embryo.

And one of the the cutting edge areas that we're just incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy.

But thanks to recent advances in stem cell research... and the fine work of Doctors Krinski and Altschuler...

So in addition to doing the transplant, we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome out of the eukaryotic yeast into a form where we could transplant it into a recipient cell.

That's all stem cells.

Here's another example of stem cell therapy that isn't quite clinical yet, but I think very soon will be.

This is not a life saving transplant

When we did these experiments, though, we could get the chromosome out of yeast but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.

With bacteria and Archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell, but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it.

Okay, induced pluripotent stem cells.

Plus we have stem cells.

Somatic or adults stem cells.

And a long stem rose

No, just the brain stem.

Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

Cell

Cell

As we speak, the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury is currently underway following the USFDA approval.

The surgeon persuaded him to undergo an organ transplant.